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Émile Combes
Émile Justin Louis Combes (; 6 September 1835 – 25 May 1921) was a French statesman and freemason〔Ce que la France doit aux francs-maçons (Laurent KUPFERMAN and Emmanuel PIERRAT - Grund ed. - 2012)〕〔Dictionnaire universel de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Monique Cara, Jean-Marc Cara and Marc de Jode - Larousse ed. - 2011)〕〔Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie française (Pierre Chevallier, Fayard ed., 1975)〕 who led the Bloc des gauches's cabinet from June 1902 – January 1905.
==Career==
Émile Combes was born in Roquecourbe, Tarn. He studied for the priesthood, but abandoned the idea before ordination. His anti-clericalism would later lead him into becoming a Freemason.〔(Masonic references in the works of Charles Williams ) Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon 2007〕〔Burke, Peter (The New Cambridge Modern History ) p. 304 (1979 Cambridge University)〕 He was also in later life a spiritualist.〔(Bigots united )〕 He later took a diploma as a doctor of letters (1860). Then he studied medicine, taking his degree in 1867, and setting up in practice at Pons in Charente-Inférieure. In 1881 he presented himself as a political candidate for Saintes, but was defeated. In 1885 he was elected to the senate by the ''départment'' of Charente-Inférieure. He sat in the Democratic left, and was elected vice-president in 1893 and 1894. The reports which he drew up upon educational questions drew attention to him, and on 3 November 1895 he entered the Bourgeois cabinet as minister of public instruction, resigning with his colleagues on 21 April following.
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